Nature vs Nurture Theory Pertaining to Criminology
Something
that I have always wondered was if someone is born into who they are or if
their environment determines who they will become. Was Hitler born to be a
murderous tyrant? Was Mother Theresa born a selfless pacifist caring for
others? One of the most interesting theories to me in Criminology is Nature
Theory and Nurture Theory.
Nature Theory
focuses on whether crime is genetic. In
the sense of IQ; our textbook explains that genetics predetermine intelligence.
The argument is that those with lower IQ’s (intelligence) are more likely to
commit crime (Siegel, 2017:144-145).
Another argument is specifically in expression of gene traits. Epigenetics is a new field and the
implications of epigenetics are astounding. Kaiser and Rasminsky have studied some of
these traits they say, “Some genes are expressed or turned on (or not)
because of physical, social, and cultural factors in the environment; and some
genes—for example, those that influence difficult temperament, impulsivity,
novelty seeking, and lack of empathy—predispose people to be exposed to
environmental risks.” (Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2010). Although this does not explain those who
overcome these predispositions.
Nurture
Theory on the other hand argues that a person’s environment will mold them into
the person they will become. This is called their environmental stimulation.
The environmental stimulation can come from several sources; some of the most
prominent sources are: parents, relatives, schools, and peer groups (Siegel,
2017: 144-145). These stimulants are argued to be what molds a
person either into a law-abiding citizen or a criminal. Nurture would argue that if a child has a
secure environment (emotionally and physically) and secure institution then
they are less likely to commit crime. Unfortunately, this doesn’t account for
crimes committed by those with these individuals.
The two
theories are not perfect though. Studies show that people from a lower
socioeconomic background will score lower on intelligence tests. It is not an
example of their ability but an example of the focus of their environment (Siegel,
2017:145). In the book, Crime and Human
Nature, the authors sight many reasons why people commit crimes and explain
some of the commonality that criminals have. One thing all criminals have in
common is that they commit the crime. But although there are traits that happen
occasionally between some but not others, they argue it does not make it fact (Wilson
and Herrnstein, 1999:19). They emphasize
the relationship between nature and nurture and argue that it is mixture of
both that helps to mold a person. One
example used is of young urban children coming from broken homes. They explain
that the majority of those coming from broken homes do not become criminal offenders
(Wilson and Herrnstein, 1999:22). They
also explain that in the study of class and race there is only a slight relationship
between crime rates and social class (Wilson and Herrnstein, 1999:27).
In the end studies are pointing to a mixture of both nature and nurture are more likely what molds our behavior.